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Northern Infrastructure Standardization Initiative

Infrastructure in the Canadian Arctic is being affected by climate change impacts such as permafrost thaw, coastal erosion, and changing temperatures and precipitation patterns.  With this in mind, the Standards Council of Canada established the Northern Infrastructure Standardization Initiative (NISI), which creates standards that are specific to infrastructure in the north

Phase 1 of NISI (2011-2016) lead to the development of 5 standards including:

How does climate change and vegetation growth affect snow properties and permafrost temperature?

The properties of snow on the ground change over time and these changes are affected by temperature and wind, i.e. climate. Lemmings live under the snow and need to travel under the snow in search of food in winter. They are therefore sensitive to snow properties and climate change may strongly affect their populations, and of course also the populations of their predators.